‘Vande Mataram’, written by Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay in the 1870s, evolved into a powerful symbol of India’s freedom struggle. Yet the religious imagery in its later stanzas, along with its association with Anandamath, made it a point of Hindu–Muslim contention. Debates among Congress, Muslim League, Tagore, Nehru, and Bose shaped the decision to designate only two stanzas as India’s national song.
Vande Mataram: A History of Nationalism, Religious Sensitivities, and Political Discourse
| Read This Article in Hindi Language (वंदे मातरम्: राष्ट्रवाद, विवाद और सांस्कृतिक समावेशिता का ऐतिहासिक मूल्यांकन) |
Historical and Constitutional Background
The history of Vande Mataram is not merely the history of a song; it is a record of India’s evolving national symbols, anti-colonial resistance, religious diversity, and political contestation.
Its origins lie in the late 19th century, a period marked by severe agrarian distress, famines, and colonial exploitation in Bengal. These socio-economic upheavals coincided with an emerging intellectual renaissance that sought to express national consciousness in cultural and literary forms.
Although the Constitution formally recognized Vande Mataram as the National Song in 1951, this acceptance was neither automatic nor unanimous. It was shaped by a complex dialogue involving the Muslim League, Indian National Congress, Hindu Mahasabha, and numerous cultural thinkers.
Origins of Vande Mataram
According to historian Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, the song was composed in the early 1870s. A longer version was incorporated into Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay’s celebrated novel Anandamath (1881).
Set during the 1770s Fakir–Sannyasi Rebellion, the novel depicted Bengal at a time of devastating famine, agrarian collapse, and political unrest. Against this backdrop, the concept of “Mother India” was infused with religious imagery and portrayed through the form of benevolent Hindu goddesses.
Aurobindo Ghosh’s English translation begins with the phrase “I bow to thee, Mother” and portrays the mother as a giver of strength, blessings, and protection. Later stanzas compare her to Durga and Lakshmi, which later became a central point of religious objection.
Political Role in the Freedom Struggle
The song achieved national prominence after the 1905 Partition of Bengal announced by the British government. The Swadeshi movement adopted Vande Mataram as a rallying cry, transforming it from a literary creation into a symbol of organized colonial resistance.
It was sung in public demonstrations, boycott campaigns, student processions, and nationalist assemblies. For many freedom fighters, it represented spiritual inspiration, collective identity, and political resolve.
Yet this very visibility also made it a site of communal tension, especially from the 1920s onward when Hindu–Muslim relations deteriorated, and each community sought cultural markers that defined political space.
Muslim League’s Perspective
The Muslim League’s objections centered around two key concerns:
- Use of idolatrous imagery (forbidden in Islam)
- Association with Hindu goddess symbolism
At the Sind Provincial Muslim League Conference in Karachi (October 1938), M.A. Jinnah argued that the legislatures controlled by the Congress began their sessions with Vande Mataram, which he called “idolatrous in nature and originally intended to spread hatred against Muslims.”
Around the same time, British official Sir Henry Craik wrote in 1937 that the song “originated as a ‘hymn of hate’ against Muslims,” a claim reflecting colonial administrative biases but heavily cited by separatist politics.
For Muslim League leaders, the song symbolized not merely religious difference but the larger fear that a Hindu-majoritarian nationalism might eclipse Muslim political identity in a future independent India.
The Communal Climate of the 1930s–40s
Events like the 1926 elections, escalating communal riots, and the growing influence of Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League deepened social divides.
The 1937 provincial elections, which brought Congress to power in several provinces, intensified the issue. The mandatory singing of Vande Mataram in schools and official spaces was viewed by many Muslim organizations as incompatible with secular governance.
Thus, the song became entangled with broader debates about minority rights, religious freedom, and political representation.
Congress’s Perspective
Nehru’s View
In a letter to Subhas Chandra Bose (October 1937), Jawaharlal Nehru observed that much of the objection to the song was manufactured by communalist groups, but he also acknowledged that “some substance” existed in the concerns raised.
Nehru believed that:
- political sensitivity requires acknowledging genuine grievances,
- but decisions should not be driven by communal pressure.
Subhas Chandra Bose’s View
Bose strongly defended the song, considering it an essential element of India’s nationalist heritage and a symbol of patriotic energy.
Rabindranath Tagore’s Intervention
When Nehru consulted Rabindranath Tagore, Tagore wrote that he deeply appreciated the first two stanzas for their tender and devotional portrayal of the motherland.
However, he could not endorse the later stanzas, as their goddess imagery and links to Anandamath’s sectarian narrative did not align with his universalist ideals.
Tagore emphasized that a national song, even if derived from a larger work, acquires an independent identity, and therefore the first two stanzas were sufficient and non-controversial. He also noted that he himself had sung the song at the 1896 Calcutta Congress session.
The 1937 Congress Working Committee Resolution
The Congress Working Committee (CWC) deliberated extensively before passing a historic resolution.
The initial draft stated:
“Great national songs cannot be produced to order; they emerge through genius and are validated by popular acceptance.”
This section was later dropped, but the final key points were:
- The first two stanzas have become a living and inseparable part of the national movement.
- These stanzas contain nothing objectionable to any community.
- The remaining stanzas are “little known” and contain religious imagery “not in harmony with the ideology of other religious groups.”
- At national functions, only the first two stanzas should be sung.
- Organizers are free to sing any other “unobjectionable” patriotic song in addition to or in place of Vande Mataram.
This resolution reflected Congress’s effort to balance cultural heritage with religious inclusivity.
Constitution-Making and the Final 1951 Decision
During the creation of India’s national symbols, the Constituent Assembly adopted a cautious and conciliatory approach.
In 1951, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, as Chairman of the Assembly, officially declared:
- ‘Jana Gana Mana’ would be the National Anthem,
- ‘Vande Mataram’ (first two stanzas) would be recognized as the National Song.
Thus, the 1937 Congress resolution became the foundation for independent India’s cultural policy.
Social Impact and Cultural Debates
- Source of National Inspiration – For many revolutionaries—Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo, Lala Lajpat Rai, and others—the song served as a wellspring of spiritual strength and patriotic fervor.
- Literary Importance – Anandamath is regarded as a pivotal text in the cultural nationalism of Bengal and Indian literature.
- Religious Diversity and Pluralism – Muslim objections raised profound questions:
- Can a national symbol accommodate all religious sensibilities?
- Can cultural nationalism drift into religious nationalism?
- Contemporary Political Discourse – In recent years, debates about mandatory singing of Vande Mataram have resurfaced, raising concerns about secularism, minority rights, and the limits of state authority in cultural matters.
Path Forward: A Balanced Approach
In a plural society like India, national symbols must be grounded in inclusivity, respect for diversity, and historical awareness.
The decision to adopt only the first two stanzas acknowledges that:
- cultural traditions are valuable,
- but national symbols must unite citizens rather than divide them.
Understanding Vande Mataram requires appreciating its literary beauty, historic role, and communal controversies with equal depth.
Conclusion
Vande Mataram is far more than a song. It embodies:
- the evolution of Indian nationalism,
- the anti-colonial spirit,
- struggles over religious identity,
- and efforts toward inclusive nation-building.
The 1951 decision to adopt only the first two stanzas as the National Song reflects the Indian state’s commitment to pluralism, dialogue, and constitutional respect for diversity.
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